GOLDSTEIN is a flexible geometry, efficient, frictional geostrophic, 3-D global ocean model with eddy-induced and isopycnal interior mixing. The model was written by Neil Edwards. A coupled version (C-GOLDSTEIN) written by Edwards and Marsh also includes an EMBM atmosphere and a dynamic and thermodynamic sea-ice component. The model is also a central component of the UK grid-based Earth system model GENIE GOLDSTEIN is most suitable for studies of large-scale circulation and long-term climate change, and for probabilistic climate change studies and integrated assessment modelling. The following is an incomplete list of publications using versions of the model. The majority also appear on my own publications page. Some model results appear on Bob Marsh's site.

Edwards, N.R. 1996. Unsteady similarity solutions and oscillating ocean gyres. J. Marine Res., Vol. 54, pp. 793-826.

Edwards, N.R., Willmott, A.J. and Killworth, P.D. 1998. On the role of topography and wind stress on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. J. Physical Oceanography, Vol. 28, pp. 756-778. preprint.ps preprint.pdf

Edwards, N.R. and Shepherd, J.G. 2001 Multiple thermohaline states due to variable diffusivity in a hierarchy of simple models. Ocean Modelling, Vol. 3, pp. 67-94. preprint.ps preprint.pdf

Edwards, N.R. and Shepherd, J.G. 2002 Bifurcations of the thermohaline circulation in a simplified three-dimensional model of the world ocean and the effects of interbasin connectivity. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 19, pp. 31-42. preprint.ps preprint.pdf

Hines, A. and Killworth, P.D. 2001 An inversion-assimilation approach using hydrographic data in a coarse resolution ocean model. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., Vol. 18, pp. 1503--1520.

Killworth P.D. 2003 Some physical and numerical details of frictional geostrophic models. Southampton Oceanography Centre internal report 90

Rohling, E.J., Marsh, R., Wells, N.C., Siddall, M. and Edwards, N.R. 2004 Similar meltwater contributions to glacial sea level changes from Antarctic and northern ice sheets. Nature, Vol. 430, pp. 1016-1021.

Annan, J.D., Hargreaves, J.C., Edwards, N.R. and Marsh, R. 2005 Parameter estimation in an intermediate complexity earth system model using an ensemble Kalman filter. Ocean Modelling, Vol. 8, pp. 135-154. preprint.ps preprint.pdf

Marsh R., Yool, A., Lenton, T.M., Gulamali, M.Y., Edwards, N.R., Shepherd, J.G., Krznaric, M., Newhouse, S. and Cox, S.J. Bistability of the thermohaline circulation identified through comprehensive 2-parameter sweeps of an efficient climate model. Climate Dynamics, available online at http://springerlink.metapress.com preprint.pdf

Hargreaves, J.C., Annan, J.D., Edwards, N.R. and Marsh, R. 2004 Climate forecasting using an intermediate complexity Earth System Model and the Ensemble Kalman Filter. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 23, pp. 745-760, available online at http://springerlink.metapress.com preprint.pdf

Edwards, N.R. and Marsh R. 2005 Uncertainties due to transport-parameter sensitivity in an efficient 3-D ocean-climate model. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 24, pp. 415-433, available online at http://www.springerlink.com preprint.ps preprint.pdf

Drouet, L., Edwards, N.R. and Haurie, A. Coupling Climate and Economic Models in a Cost-Benefit Framework: A Convex Optimization Approach. Environmental Modelling and Assessment. preprint.pdf

Drouet, L., Edwards, N.R., Beltran, C., Haurie, A.B., Vial, J-P. and Zachary, D.S. 2005 An Oracle Method to Couple Climate and Economic Dynamics. In Haurie, A. and Viguier, L. eds. The Coupling of Climate and Economic Dynamics, Kluwer.

Beltran, C., Edwards, N.R., Haurie, A., Vial, J.-P. and Zachary, D.S. Oracle-Based Optimization Applied to Climate Model Calibration. Environmental Modelling and Assessment, available online at http://www.springerlink.com preprint.ps preprint.pdf

Siddall, M., Stocker, T.F., Henderson, G.M., Edwards, N.R., Müller, S.A., Joos, F. and Frank, M. 2005 ²³¹Pa/²³⁰Th fractionation by ocean transport, biogenic particle flux and particle type. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 237, pp. 135-155.

Hargreaves, J.C. and Annan, J.D. Using ensemble prediction methods to examine regional climate variation under global warming scenarios. Ocean Modelling, in press.

Müller, S.A., Joos, F., Edwards, N.R. and Stocker, T.F. Water mass distribution and ventilation time scales in a cost-efficient, 3-dimensional ocean model. Submitted to J. Climate.

Williamson, M.S., Lenton, T.M., Shepherd, J.G. and Edwards, N.R. An efficient numerical terrestrial scheme (ENTS) for fast earth system modelling. Submitted to Ecological Modelling.

Lenton, T. M., Williamson, M. S., Edwards, N. R., Marsh, R., Price, A. R., Ridgwell, A. J., Shepherd, J. G., and the GENIE team. Millennial timescale carbon cycle and climate change in an efficient Earth system model. Submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Ridgwell, A., Hargreaves, J., Edwards, N. R, Lenton, T. M., Yool, A., Marsh, R. and Watson, A. Ocean geochemical data assimilation within an Earth System Model. Submitted to Global Biogeochemical Cycles.

Cameron, D.R., T. M. Lenton, A. J. Ridgwell, J. G. Shepherd, R. J. Marsh, A. Yool and the GENIE team, A factorial analysis of the marine carbon cycle controls on atmospheric CO2, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, submitted Feb 2005.